How did the atlantic slave trade influence communities in Western Africa?

Research Question: How did the transatlantic slave trade influence cultures and communities in Western Africa?

Thesis: The transatlantic slave trade influenced cultures and communities in Western Africa by changing economic structures, transforming political structures and creating a diaspora.

• Topic Sentence #1: Africa was economically stable and independent before the Europeans came but the slave trade set back their socioeconomic structures which left them vulnerable to later European colonization.

• Topic Sentence #2: The transatlantic slave trade and the impact of Europeans in Africa created severe political imbalances with devastating consequences.

• Topic Sentence #3: The transatlantic slave trade created a diaspora displacing  African people all around the world even within their own homelands.

Works Cited

African leader trading with a European. Latin American Studies. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Amari, Khidr. “Group of slave-children on board the ‘Daphne.’” Khidr Amari Research. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Atlantic Slave Trade. Image Kid. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“Atlantic Slave Trade.” Wikipedia. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.

Chained hands. The Independent. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Crash Course. The Atlantic Slave Trade: Crash Course World History. YouTube. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Deltawomen. Slave girl. Adaure Achumba. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

“The Economic, Political, and Social Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa.” tandfonline.com. Taylor and Francis, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.

Fisher, Max, and Dylan Mattews. “Map of slave growth.” Vox. 17 Feb. 2015. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Fripp, C. E. “Lieutenants Melvill and Coghill in battle with Zulu soldiers at the Battle of Isandlwana.”  Wikipedia. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Gwyn, Ben. Slave Caravan. Blogspot. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

“Impact of the Slave Trade on Africa.” AAME. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.

Kid with wood on his head. Blogspot. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Lovlace, William. “A police sign for a ‘white only’ waiting room at the bus station in Jackson, Mississippi.” Huffington Post. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Nardo, Don. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Farmington Hills: Gale, 2008. Print.

Rugendas, Johann Moritz. “Recently bought slaves in Brazil on their way to the farms of the landowners who bought them c. 1830.” Wikipedia. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“Whipping a Slave, Virginia, 1850s.” hitchcook. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Worth, Richard. Slavery in American history. Berkeley Heights: Enslow, 2004. Print. Slavery in American History.

How did king Shaka transform the Zulu into a dominate fighting power?

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Research Question: How did King Shaka transform the Zulu into a dominant fighting power?

Thesis: King Shaka used harsh training, immense power and shrewdness to replace their traditional culture with a belief that made bravery and courage essential to their survival.

• Topic Sentence #1: King Shaka went to great heights in order to ensure that his warriors would be brave and dedicated fighters in the battlefield.

• Topic Sentence #2: The training Shaka enforced on his men became something they took for granted

• Topic Sentence #3: Though most of the Zulu culture was washed away by blood and courage, the aggressive tribe still had religious beliefs and showed great interest in music and arts.

Works Cited

Benjamin, Thomas, ed. Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. 7th ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2015.

Kimberly, Ball. “Chaka.” World Literature and Its Times: Profiles of Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events That Influenced Them. Ed. Joyce Moss and Lorraine Velestuk. 7th ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: African Literature and Its Times, 2000. 35-45. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2015.

Ngwane, Zolani. The Heritage Library Of African Peoples. 1rst ed. New York: Rosen Group, 1997. Print. The Heritage Library Of African Peoples.

“Zulu.” Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Ed. Timothy  L. Gall and Geneen           Hobby. 7th ed. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gall, 2009. 612-17. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.

Who was Nelson Mandela and how did his life experience help to end Apartheid?

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Research Question: Who was Nelson Mandela and how did his life experience help to end Apartheid?

Thesis: Nelson Mandela’s life experience was important in brining about the end of Apartheid because of his educated youth, his work against the governments oppression, and his imprisonment and  presidency that followed.

• Topic Sentence #1: Nelson Mandela was educated during and effected by Apartheid because he was adopted by a wealthy chief, he was expelled from a major university and finished an education in law.
• Topic Sentence #2: Nelson Mandela worked against Apartheid when he worked with the A.N.C. (African National Congress), when he founded Umkhonto, and up until he was arrested.

• Topic Sentence #3: Nelson Mandela’s imprisonment and then his presidency became a symbol first when he was in jail, then when he showed his strength upon his release, and then when he proved himself as a leader during his work in politics.
• Works CitedAdmin. “Rest in Paradise Nelson Mandela.” fire4hire. 6 Dec. 2013. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.All we got is love. “Nelson Mandela.” All we got is love. 18 June 2013. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.Bio, ed. “Nelson Mandela.” Biography. A&E Television Networks, 2015. Web. 29 Mar. 2015.

  “Mandela, Nelson.” Prejudice in the Modern World Reference Library. 7th ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Cengage Learning, 2007. N. pag. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.

  Middleton, John, ed. Africa: An Encyclopedia for Students. 7th ed. Vol. 3. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2002. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.

  “Nelson Mandela.” Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

  “Nelson Mandela on Robben Island.” Gallery Hip. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

  Panait, Laurentiu. “Testamentul lui Nelson Mandela va fi dezv?luit luni.” Obiective. 3 Feb. 2014. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

  Reuters. “Mandela-president: a speech in the parliament building in Cape Town (1997).” Lidovky. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

  “Tämän esikatselun koko.” Wikipedea. 2008. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

  Vandenburg, Anabel. “Nelson Mandela.” Haiku Deck. Giant Thinkwell, 2015. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

  “What We Can All Learn from Nelson Mandela.” #BeLimmetless. 18 Feb. 2014. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

What were the causes of the Rwandan genocide?

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Research Question: What were the causes of the Rwandan genocide?

Thesis: The causes of the Rwandan genocide were European Biases, ethnic diversity, and the role of the media

• Topic Sentence #1: The french and Belgian biases led to the Rwandan genocide. British explorers John Hanning Speke and Sir Richard Francis Burton  Theorized that The Tutsis a minority group in Rwanda  were more powerful and dominate to the other majority group The Hutus. After Speke and Burton returned to England and told everyone their theory the Belgians took Rwanda as a Belgian colony and favored the Tutsis over the Hutus giving them better jobs education and healthcare. The Belgians then brought modern weapons guns knives etc   which then led to the Hutu revolt in 1992.

• Topic Sentence #2: The ethnic differences Hutu majority and Tutsis Minority  in Rwanda were one of the causes that led to the Rwandan genocide. The 3 main groups are Hutu and Tutsis 85% Hutu 14% Tutsis 1% Twa or pygmy people. European influence made the Tutsis more powerful and dominant. The Hutus became resentful and hateful towards the Tutsis which made the Genocide happen.

• Topic Sentence #3: The media played a key role in the Rwandan genocide.  Over the radio people said that it was time for a Hutu revolt and time for the Hutu to rise and crush the Tutsis. These radio commands led to them attacking and murdering cities, villages, and rural areas.
•                                              Works CitedDowning, David. Africa: Postcolonial Conflict. Chicago: Raintree, 2004. Print.Fizlfry. “AK 47-1.” Flickr. Web. 15 Apr. 2015.“Genocide in Rwanda.” Gale Virtual Reference Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2015.

  “Genocide in Rwanda.” Prejudice in the Modern World Reference Library. Vol. 2. Detroit: UXL, 2007. 237-58. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2015.

  Jordan, Brett. “Black.” Flickr. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

  King, Kresta. “Are Some More Human than Others?” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

  Obadina, Elizabeth. Ethnic Groups in Africa. Pennsylvania: Mason Crest, 2007. Print.

  Raymond, Nicolas. “Rwanda Grunge Flag.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

  “The Rwandan Genocide.” Gale Student Rescources in Context. Student Rescources in Context, Web. 3 Apr. 2015.

  SEDACMaps. “Belgium: Population Density, 2000.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

  “France: Input Administrative Boundaries.” Flickr. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

How did the great Kongo Kingdom come to be?

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Research Question:  How did the great Kongo Kingdom come to be?

Thesis: There are many tellings of how the kongo came to be there is the most common and different versions of it and others and there is what likely happened.

Topic Sentence #1: Long ago pregnant woman named Ne Lukeni wished to cross the great river to reach a market on the other side.  The ferryman in charge of the river kept her waiting, and Ne Lukeni Grew Impatient.  She Berated the man and begerd him endlessly.  She was Pregnant so she demanded she cross immediately :It did not help to annoy the the ferryman. After all he was the master of the river, and no one could cross without his services.  “perhaps you are a queen he said”  “or a mother of a king and you can not wait patiently like everyone else.    Ne leucine was furious how dare this lowly ferryman treat her so poorly.  Nu Lukini returned home and told her son Nimi Lukeni. Now he saw at once his chance to seize power which he wanted greatly.  Then Nemi lukini recruited many people promising them land a wealth and they set out to make these promises come true.

Topic Sentence #2:  Some variations of the story say that Ne Leucine was Nimi Lucian aunt not mother and that he was the ferryman and he killed her and was made king and others say the founder was a great blacksmith that could make metal far beyond the the simple tools of their rivals

Topic Sentence #3: As you can see there are many different stores saying how the kongo kingdom rose but most likely none of them are a curet what probably happened is several provinces just joined together under one  kings rule

 

Works Cited

Bealluc. “Blacksmith.” Flicker. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Brigante, Ricky. “Scrooge McDuck’s Money Bin.” Flicker.Web. 7 Apr. 2015.

Everly, Walt. “EpuluMorning2.” Flicker. Web. 7 Apr. 2015. <Gerendy, Andreea. “Fishers on the Congo River.” Flicker. Web. 7 Apr. 2015.

JEZEQUEL, Yoann. “Killing…” Flicker.. Web. 13 Apr. 2015

Kylepounds2001. “Kingdom Kongo 1711.” Flicker. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Mann, Kenny. African Kingdoms of the past Kongo Kingdom. Parsippany: DillonPress, 1996. Print.

Marques, Daniel. “African King.” Flickr. Web. 7 Apr. 2015

OSU Special Collections & Archives : Commons. “Native Boat, Kongo River.” Flicker. Web. 10 Apr. 2015

Wiklund, Dan. “Storm over the Himba village.” Flicker. Web. 13 Apr. 2015

Zoology773. “African sword assortment.” Flicker Web. 14 Apr. 2015

 

Why did the Aksum Kingdom last for so long?

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Research Question: Why did the Aksum Kingdom last for so long?

Thesis: The Aksum Kingdom lasted for so long because of its powerful kings, enormous amount of resources, and the large size of the kingdom.

Topic Sentence #1:  Kings: there were two Kings in the Aksum Kingdom King kaleb, and the most important king Ezana. King Ezana was the king who brought monophysite christianity to the Aksum Kingdom.Many people in Ethiopia still practice this religion.This monophysite christianity is a type of christianity that is practiced in the east.

Topic Sentence #2:  Resource: the Aksum Kingdom also survived of their great resources like Gold, and Silver coins, and their salt.Gold and Silver coins were made in the kingdom for easier ways for business and for trading. Salt in the Kingdom was also for trading purposes to other kingdoms around the. The kingdom also traded other resource they had to other kingdoms to for goods.

Topic Sentence #3:  Size/location:The Aksum Kingdom now is a city now located in the east of modern day Ethiopia. 56,500 people now live in Aksum Ethiopia.Aksum Ethiopia has an elevation of 2,131m today which is about 6,991ft tall.

Works Cited

“Aksum.” Gale Virtual Reference Library. N.p., 26 Mar. 2015. Web. 26 Mar. 2015.

Chard, Lawrence. “Aksum coins.” Flicker. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Forsyth, Travis. “Salt.” Flicker. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Mayo, Trish. “Aksum Map.” Flicker. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Schlager and Lauer, Neil and Josh, ed. “Ezana.” Gale Virtual Reference Library. N.p., 2 Apr. 2015. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.

Snook, Patricia. “Aksum Image.” Flickr. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2015.

Who are the Baka and in what ways is their culture threatened?

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Research Question: Who are the Baka and in what ways is their culture threatened?

Thesis: The Baka are a (1)tribe who used to live in the forest but now have been forced out of the forest by (2)loggers who cut down trees on their land and, (3) the country of Cameroon forcing them to live in small village.

• Topic Sentence #1: The Baka (1) are a tribe that live in the forest, (2) are hunter gatherers and (3) water drum when they are having fun.

• Topic Sentence #2: .The Baka are threatened (1) by loggers who chop down trees and (2) keep them for themselves which is (3) forcing the Baka to get ownership of their own land.

• Topic Sentence #3:  The Baka are (1) being forced out of the rainforest (2) by the Cameroonian government, and (3)  many Baka have forgotten the old ways of living in the rainforest

Works Cited

Davey, A. “Mighty Tree.” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

DiPerna, Kelsie. “Bamboo Lemur.” Flickr. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Ember, Carol R., and Melvin Ember, eds. Cameroon. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2001. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

Fizzr. “Rainforest, Cameroon.” Flickr. Web. 7 Apr. 2015.

Huniewicz, Michal. “Rainforest.” Flickr.Web. 13 Apr. 2015. .

Jurgen. “Rain Forest.” Flickr. Web. 15 Apr. 2015.

Láscar, Jorge. “Muddy Trail and Dense Vegetation – Montane Rainforests Biome.” Flickr. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Liptak, Karen. Endangered Peoples. New York: Franklin Watts, 1993. Print.

Rouvin, Axel. “Rain Forest.” Flickr. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Tabti, Joshua. “DSC02010.” Flickr. Web. 14 Apr. 2015..

Voices of the Forest. Dir. Graham Booth. 2001. National Geographic, 2001. DVD.

Water Drums of the Baka of Cameroon and Gabon. 23 Sept. 2010. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

How and why did we evolve in the Ethiopian rift valley?

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_YPAmqEh1MrNGlTVW4yRVNkQm8/preview

Research Question:  How and why did we evolve in the Ethiopian rift valley?

Thesis:  The spark of human evolution was the changing of habitat.

• Topic Sentence #1: The process of human evolution did not occur until the habitat changed.

• Topic Sentence #2: The process of human evolution was put to a stop during the aceurectus radimus stage.

• Topic Sentence #3: Humans have adapted to live in almost all conditions, since we have evolved so much.

Works Cited

Barefoot Girl. “Sailing into the Sunset.” Flickr. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Choi, Charles Q. “Early Human ‘Lucy’ Swung from the Trees.” Lifescience. 25 Oct. 2012. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.

A Dig for Humanity’s Origins. TED. N.p., Feb. 2008. Web. 26 Mar. 2015.

Foushee, Marvin. “African Tree.” Flickr.Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Icemanphotos. “Spark of Love.” Flickr. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Jarvis, Dennis. “Greece-1173 – Temple of Athena.” Flickr. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Lavsen, Gert. “Woman walks the dog.” Flickr.Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Lucy’s Giant Leap. History.Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

Proven, Gordon. “Sahara forest – Ubari.” Flickr. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Ryan9499. “Albert Einstien.” Flickr.Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Shreeve, Jamie. “Oldest Skeleton of Human Ancestor Found.” National Geographic News. 1 Oct. 2009. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

Sluggo5. “Great Rift Valley, 3.” Flickr. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Thomas, Stephen. “Earth.” Flickr. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Apr. 2015

Titze, Andre. “Ape.” Flickr. Web. 8 Apr. 2015

Travis. “Evolution.” Flickr.Web. 8 Apr. 2015

Wright, Brian. “Human Evolution?” Flickr. Web. 8 Apr. 2015

How does the Grand Mosque of Djenne affect the city’s inhabitants?

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Research Question:  How does the Grand Mosque of Djenne affect the city’s inhabitants?

Thesis: The Great Mosque of Djenne is an important historical site that brings many economic benefits but also disadvantages to the people of Djenne..

• Topic Sentence #1: The Mosque of Djenne is a special place because with its mud characteristics it looks like it is forming under the ground and offers worshipers to pray on fridays and is one of most famous landscape in Africa.

• Topic Sentence #2: The economic benefits of the great mosque of Djenne is that it allows more jobs around Djenne and can be used as a tourist attraction.

• Topic Sentence #3:  The negative Impact is that people who own houses near djenne are unable to modernizing their house

Works Cited

Apple and Pear Australia. “Apples @ Bonny Glen DSC_3577.” Flickr. Apple and Pear Australia, 7 Nov. 2012. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Bárcena, Mar. “Driving Death 2.” Flickr. mar Bárcena, 21 May 2005. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Cotter, Holland. “A Tribute to Islam, Earthen but Transcendent.” The New York Times. Holland Cotter, 12 Apr. 2012. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.

Dooley, Kevin. “World War II Japanese Dollar: ‘Banana money.’” Flickr. Kevin Dooley, July 2007. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Erich Ferdinand, Erich. “Loud Speaker.” Flickr. Erich Ferdinand, 23 Oct. 2005. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

“Grand Mosque, Djenne.” Flickr. upyernoz, 19 Mar. 2005. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Guinea, Frank In. “Djenne Mosque.” Flickr. Frank in Guinea, 21 Feb. 2007. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Hancock, J. D. “The Fix Is in.” Flickr. JD Hancock, 19 May 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2015. Haywood, John. West African Kingdoms. Time Travel Guide ed. Chicago, Illinois: Raintree, 2008. Print.

Jurgen. “The Great Mosque, Djenne.” Flickr. Jurgen, 18 Sept. 2006. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

– – -. “In Front of the Mud Mosque of Djenne.” Flickr. Jurgen, 19 Sept. 2006. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

– – -. “The Lively Monday Market in Djenne.” Flickr. Jurgen, 18 Sept. 2006. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

– – -. “Sunset in Djenne, Mali.” Flickr. Jurgen, 18 Sept. 2006. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Kainz, Chad. “Electric Wires, Progress Decades Ago.” Flickr. Chad Kainz, 11 Feb. 2009. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Koshy, Koshy. “Persimmon.” Flickr. Koshy Koshy, 17 Oct. 2010. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Labrador, Emilio. “D’Jenne Fashion.” Flicker. Emilio Labrador, 6 Aug. 2007. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Macfarquhar, Neil. “The Great Mosque of Djenné.” INTERNATIONAL. New York Times Company, 9 Jan. 2011. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

Morton, Ella. “The Magnificent Mud Mosque of Mali.” Slate. Slate, 5 Sept. 2014. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.

Ognjen Odobasic, Ognjen. “#rain #drops #glass #water #clouds #macro.” Flickr. Ognjen Odobasic, 5 Jan. 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Saltmarsh, Nick. “Mud.” Flickr. Nick Saltmarsh, 28 Jan. 2007. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

SEDACMaps. “Mali: Urban Extents.” Flickr. SEDACMaps, 22 Sept. 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Tann, John. “Potentilla Indica Fruit.” Flicker. John Tann, 20 Apr. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Taylor, Nick. “Gobustan Mud Volcnoes.” Flickr. Nick Taylor, 20 Apr. 2008. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Thinktank, Mr. “Cracks in Building Wall.” Flickr. Mr Thinktank, 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Tommaso. “Che Balle!” Flickr. Tommaso, 9 June 2006. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Ibn Battuta/ Explorers of Africa

Why was Ibn Battuta’s exploration important?

Research Question: for my research question i asked myself what was ibn battuta was exploring for and was what he was exploring for important

Thesis: Ibn battuta helped many people understand Africa better because he explored all over the continent  by looking at different perspectives of it he made maps of africa and africa’s trade routs and and wrote down things about their culture.

Topic Sentence #1: Ibn Battuta was a famous explorer because of the map he made in countries. He brought back many stories and described almost everything he saw to the people back in Europe and lots of those things were actually recorded in books. Ibn also made maps, he made maps of trade routes, of tons and Africa, and even tried to make one of the .Ibn Battuta came back with many stories of Africa, but people were most interested in the ones he told of the Sahara.

• Topic Sentence #2: Ibn Battuta Visited many places in Africa to see all the different types of culture around the continent. Ibn Visited Cairo, Walata, mali, And also crossed the sahara Desert. His first visit to Africa was in 1326 while Mansa Musa, He described the trip with many mentioning of Mansa Musa giving food and gold to everyone. Battuta’s trip went from 1351 to 1353 most of the time he was there was spent crossing the sahara.
• Topic Sentence #3: Ibn Battuta explored a bunch of places in the world just making maps along the way his exploration and maps helped many researchers back then and now. Battuta made hundreds of maps of Africa each for a different thing some of those maps are still used today. Ibn Battuta tried to make a map of the sahara but it was so much of nothing that he couldn’t. After Ibn Battuta returned many people visited Africa and tried to find more mysteries of Africa but none were as popular as Ibn
  
  

Works Cited

Bartel, Nick. “Journey to West Africa.” The Travels of lbn Battua. Nick Bartel, 8 July 2012. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

Iglesias, Andrés Álvarez. “Ibn Battutta.” Flickr. . Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

livingstone online. . Web. 26 Mar. 2015.

Ms, Lars. “Tree of Africa.” Flickr. . Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Rassak, Abdul. “Camel-Ride-at-Diveagar-Beach.” Flickr. . Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Sodem, Liv Unni. “African Sunset.” Flickr. . Web. 7 Apr. 2015.

Tone, Tony Net. “Sahara.” Flickr. . Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Vázquez, Javi. “Salida del sol sobre las dunas.” Flickr. . Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“White Explorers.” The story of Africa. BBC, Web. 26 Mar. 2015.