How did the atlantic slave trade influence communities in Western Africa?

Research Question: How did the transatlantic slave trade influence cultures and communities in Western Africa?

Thesis: The transatlantic slave trade influenced cultures and communities in Western Africa by changing economic structures, transforming political structures and creating a diaspora.

• Topic Sentence #1: Africa was economically stable and independent before the Europeans came but the slave trade set back their socioeconomic structures which left them vulnerable to later European colonization.

• Topic Sentence #2: The transatlantic slave trade and the impact of Europeans in Africa created severe political imbalances with devastating consequences.

• Topic Sentence #3: The transatlantic slave trade created a diaspora displacing  African people all around the world even within their own homelands.

Works Cited

African leader trading with a European. Latin American Studies. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Amari, Khidr. “Group of slave-children on board the ‘Daphne.’” Khidr Amari Research. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Atlantic Slave Trade. Image Kid. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“Atlantic Slave Trade.” Wikipedia. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.

Chained hands. The Independent. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Crash Course. The Atlantic Slave Trade: Crash Course World History. YouTube. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Deltawomen. Slave girl. Adaure Achumba. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

“The Economic, Political, and Social Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa.” tandfonline.com. Taylor and Francis, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.

Fisher, Max, and Dylan Mattews. “Map of slave growth.” Vox. 17 Feb. 2015. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Fripp, C. E. “Lieutenants Melvill and Coghill in battle with Zulu soldiers at the Battle of Isandlwana.”  Wikipedia. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Gwyn, Ben. Slave Caravan. Blogspot. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

“Impact of the Slave Trade on Africa.” AAME. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.

Kid with wood on his head. Blogspot. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Lovlace, William. “A police sign for a ‘white only’ waiting room at the bus station in Jackson, Mississippi.” Huffington Post. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Nardo, Don. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Farmington Hills: Gale, 2008. Print.

Rugendas, Johann Moritz. “Recently bought slaves in Brazil on their way to the farms of the landowners who bought them c. 1830.” Wikipedia. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“Whipping a Slave, Virginia, 1850s.” hitchcook. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Worth, Richard. Slavery in American history. Berkeley Heights: Enslow, 2004. Print. Slavery in American History.

Why is the Democratic Republic of Congo so poor even when they have mineral resources to sell?

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Research Question: Why is the Democratic Republic of  Congo so poor, even when they have vast mineral resources to  sell and profit from

Thesis: The mineral resources of the Democratic Republic of Congo may seem fantastic but, slaves are taken and worked while money is being wasted on mineral extraction, and there conditions are so harsh that most workers and slaves die.

• Topic Sentence #1: Slaves were taken and forced two work in mines.

• Topic Sentence #2: People were (and still are) killed so frequently because of the mineral, and over them.

• Topic Sentence #3: Works CitedThe mines conditions are so harsh that over many of the workers who work there are so desperate that they will risk being killed for a small amount of money.

Works Cited

Ames, Justin. “Local mining for gold in the village of Mongbwalu in Eastern Congo.” the velvet rocket. Justin Ames, 4 Apr. 2011. Web. 4 Apr. 2011.

“BREAKING THE CHAIN: Child Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” Pact., 11 Jan. 2010. Web. 11 Jan. 2010.

“Congo, Democratic Republic of the (DROC).” Gale Virtual Reference Library. Ed. Timothy  L. Gall and Jeneen M. Hobby. 12th ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale Virtual Reference Library, 2007. 1-172. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2015.

“Congo with $24 Trillion in Mineral Wealth BUT still Poor.” News About Congo., 15 Mar. 2009. Web. 15 Mar. 2009.

“DR Congo: Cursed by its natural wealth.” BBC News., 9 Oct. 2013. Web. 9 Oct. 2013.

Gogos, Stergios. “The sun is blinding me.” flickr., 12 June 2014. Web. 12 June 2014.

Jamasmie, Cecilia. “This is how the Congo supplies ‘conflict minerals’ to the IT world.” Mining.com. , 22 Sept. 2013. Web. 22 Sept. 2013..

Long, Nick. “At Least 60 Die in DRC Mine Collapse.” Voice of America., 6 Aug. 2012. Web. 6 Aug. 2012.

Natural Resources in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Cursed Blessing., 9 Dec. 2014. Web. 9 Dec. 2014.

Remer, Terra Lawson, and Joshua Greenstein. “Beating the Resource Curse in Africa: A Global Effort.” Beating the Resource Curse in Africa: A Global Effort., 1 Aug. 2002. Web. 1 Aug. 2002.

What would happen to the environment if the Great Green Wall plan were to fail?

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Research Question: What would happen to the environment if this plan were to fail.

Thesis: The Great green wall is a good idea for the environment because it will help stop desertification which is leading to the sahara spreading, start to grow more vegetation, and help with deforestation.

• Topic Sentence #1: The desertification is making the Sahara spread because of deforestation, overgrazing, and over cultivation.

• Topic Sentence #2: More vegetation is a good thing because of the types of trees that they use, it will help to stop desertification, help malnutrition, and erosion.

• Topic Sentence #3: Deforestation is a big part of desertification because it tears the trees that are there down, leads to erosion, and more trees are being cut down each day.

Works Cited

Concern Worldwide. “Deforestation.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

Gelletly, LeeAnne. Ecological Issues. Broomall: Maison Crest, 2007. Print.

“The Great Green Wall.” National Geographic.  Web. 26 Mar. 2015.

“Great Green Wall to halt desertification in Africa.” Positive News. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

Julius. “Acacia tree, Serengeti.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

Keithhull. “Tree in the desert Namibia.” Flickr. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Marilyn. “Acacia Tree.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

Ronald Vriesema. “Ethiopia – Danakil Depression 2010.” Flickr. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

RURO photography. “Africa – Namibia / Sossusvlei / .” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

What influences people to poach?

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Research Question: What influences people to poach?

Thesis:  Even though poaching is illegal, poachers continue killing animals because (1) the demand for animal products is high,(2) the population in Africa is growing and moving into animal habitats, (3) and the lack of economic opportunities leads to illegal jobs.

Topic Sentence #1: Animal product such as ivory and hides are in constant demand.

Topic Sentence #2: Africa’s population is growing, and people are moving into animal’s habitats.

Topic Sentence #3: The lack of economic opportunities leads to last resort jobs.

Works Cited

“20080610_africa_04639.” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

African Wildlife Foundation. African Wildlife Foundation. Web. 26 Mar. 2015.

Buchner, Dave. “Hunter Dave Buchner.” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Delaney, Sara. “African farmers.” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“Elephant.” Flickr. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Giraffe. African Wildlife Foundation. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

“Giraffe.” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“Giraffe Rug.” Flickr. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

“Ivory.” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Ketzel, Randee M. “ivory bracelet-3.” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“Ivory hair/shawl pins.” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“Lion.” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“Lord of the Savanna.” Flickr.Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“Map of Africa.” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“Mountain gorillas.” Flickr.  Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Poaching Crisis in South Africa. Save the Rhino, 2015. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

Poling, Miriam. “Rhinos at Sunset.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

“Rhinoceros.” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“Rhino crossing.” Flickr. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

“Sunset in Amboseli National Park, Kenya.” Flickr. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

“World Rhino Day – 22 September 2013.” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“Zebra.” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“zebra rug.” Flickr. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.)

What are the challenges for the Caravans on the Trans Saharan Trade and how do these impact their business?

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Research Question: What are the challenges for the Caravans on the Trans Saharan Trade and how do these impact their business?

Thesis: The whole process of the Trans Saharan Trade has many challenges and is very dangerous, with little food and water, hard work by camels, and difficulty selling goods for a fair price.

Topic Sentence #1: Traders need to all work together in their caravan as one because of the many routes they have to follow. There are many north,south,east and west routes to follow. There are also many routes to learn to navigate by the stars at night. Most men learned the routes and how to use the stars when they were little boys.

Topic Sentence #2: Camels are one of the most important parts of the whole Trans Saharan Trade; without them, the trip wouldn’t be possible. Caravans use camels because they are so well equipped and strong. Camels can handle many weather differences like how hot it is in the day and how cold it is at night. They also can go a very long time and distance without water and food.

Topic Sentence #3: The Trans Saharan Trade began on a regular basis since the fourth century. Today, some very popular trade goods are salt and gold. Ever since trucks came into the picture as part of the trade, this became a threat to the system of caravans with camels. Trucks could take bigger loads of trade goods and the process is much faster than it is for camels.

Works Cited

“Ancient Africa Trade Routes.” Ducksters. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.

Boud, Jim. “Camels in the Desert.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

“Camel Caravans Fading from Salt Trade as Timbuktu Slowly Modernizes.” Washington Post. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.

Conrad, David C. Empires of Medieval West Africa. New York: Facts On F                                                                                        ile, Inc.,, 2005. Print.

**El-Len**. “Tuareg: Blue Men of the Desert.” Flickr. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

HariHaran, R. Amudha. “Let There Be Work,Bread,Water and Salt for All – Nelson Mandela.” Flickr. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Images, Chris G. “Sahara Desert, South of Kidal, Mali.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

Len**, **El -. “The Salt Caravans.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

Marin, Catalin. “The Camel Festival.” Flickr. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Pappon, Anthony. “Salt Camel Caravan Driver Crossing the Stone Desert in the Danakil Depression.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

Righetto, Norbert. “Tuareg > at Sunset > Sahara Desert > Libya.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

Rowland, Geraint. “Three in One.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

Sadagopalan, Vijayamurthy. “Camel at Dusk.” Flickr. Web. 7 Apr. 2015.

Schreier, Dave. “Camels in the Sahara Desert.” Flickr. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Scott, Russell. “Trucks Crossing Tenere.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

Stein, Clay. “NorthSouthEastWest.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

Tiger, Shaolin. “Camel Smile.” Flickr. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

“The Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade.” World Eras. Ed. Pierre  Damien Mvuyekure. Vol. 10. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 179-82. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.

W, Nic V. “Dunes and Moon.” Flickr. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

 

Why was M-Pesa made and how does it help the people who use it?

Research Question: Why was M-Pesa made and how does it help the people who use it?

Thesis: M-Pesa helps small and/or rural economies (1) because it is mobile and can be used as fast as a text message, (2) it also provides faster access to money in bank-lacking communities, (3) as well as these it is a safer way of carrying money than cash or a credit card.

• Topic Sentence #1: M-Pesa is a newly created form of mobile money transfer; it allows funds to be moved quickly and easily to and from any mobile device.

• Topic Sentence #2: Many people in Kenya live miles away from the closest bank and do not have internet access; this is where M-Pesa comes in.

• Topic Sentence #3: This mobile payment system has revolutionized the way money can flow to both individuals and small businesses.

Works Cited

“Afghanistan’s Flag.” Wikipedia. 2 Dec. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2015.

“Award.” Frogger Golf Awards. Frogger Golf, 2009. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

“Delivery.” Pet Heaven. Web. 12 Apr. 2015.

Dolan, Kerry A. M-Pesa And GCash: Can ‘Lean Regulation’ Be A Gamechanger for Financial Innovation? Forbes. 3 Oct. 2013. Web. 3 Oct. 2013.

“Flag Map of India.” Pix Shark. Web. 12 Apr. 2015.

Graham, Fiona. “M-Pesa: Kenya’s Mobile Wallet Revolution.” BBC News. 22 Nov. 2010. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.

Lesonsky, Rieva. “Bank.” Small Business Trends. 2010. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.

“Milk Carton.” IMGBuddy. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

“Money_007.” Flickr. Web. 12 Apr. 2015.

Muthee, Margaret Wamuyu. “Unemployed Youth.” New Security Beat. Wilson Center, 7 Oct. 2010. Web. 12 Apr. 2015.

“Nick Hughes.” MIT Legatum Center. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. Web. 5 Apr. 2015.

Prondzynski, Isabelle. “M-Pesa Outlet.” Flickr. 4 Nov. 2012. Web. 4 Apr. 2015.

“Pros and Cons-Japan.” The Nectar Collective. 2013. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

“Simple Map of Kenya.” Map Resources. 2013. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

“Susie Lonie.” Mwakilishi. Kenya Diaspora News Leader, 29 Nov. 2010. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.

“Tanzania.” The Recycler. 15 July 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2015.

How does the Grand Mosque of Djenne affect the city’s inhabitants?

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Research Question:  How does the Grand Mosque of Djenne affect the city’s inhabitants?

Thesis: The Great Mosque of Djenne is an important historical site that brings many economic benefits but also disadvantages to the people of Djenne..

• Topic Sentence #1: The Mosque of Djenne is a special place because with its mud characteristics it looks like it is forming under the ground and offers worshipers to pray on fridays and is one of most famous landscape in Africa.

• Topic Sentence #2: The economic benefits of the great mosque of Djenne is that it allows more jobs around Djenne and can be used as a tourist attraction.

• Topic Sentence #3:  The negative Impact is that people who own houses near djenne are unable to modernizing their house

Works Cited

Apple and Pear Australia. “Apples @ Bonny Glen DSC_3577.” Flickr. Apple and Pear Australia, 7 Nov. 2012. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Bárcena, Mar. “Driving Death 2.” Flickr. mar Bárcena, 21 May 2005. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Cotter, Holland. “A Tribute to Islam, Earthen but Transcendent.” The New York Times. Holland Cotter, 12 Apr. 2012. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.

Dooley, Kevin. “World War II Japanese Dollar: ‘Banana money.’” Flickr. Kevin Dooley, July 2007. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Erich Ferdinand, Erich. “Loud Speaker.” Flickr. Erich Ferdinand, 23 Oct. 2005. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

“Grand Mosque, Djenne.” Flickr. upyernoz, 19 Mar. 2005. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Guinea, Frank In. “Djenne Mosque.” Flickr. Frank in Guinea, 21 Feb. 2007. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Hancock, J. D. “The Fix Is in.” Flickr. JD Hancock, 19 May 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2015. Haywood, John. West African Kingdoms. Time Travel Guide ed. Chicago, Illinois: Raintree, 2008. Print.

Jurgen. “The Great Mosque, Djenne.” Flickr. Jurgen, 18 Sept. 2006. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

– – -. “In Front of the Mud Mosque of Djenne.” Flickr. Jurgen, 19 Sept. 2006. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

– – -. “The Lively Monday Market in Djenne.” Flickr. Jurgen, 18 Sept. 2006. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

– – -. “Sunset in Djenne, Mali.” Flickr. Jurgen, 18 Sept. 2006. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Kainz, Chad. “Electric Wires, Progress Decades Ago.” Flickr. Chad Kainz, 11 Feb. 2009. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Koshy, Koshy. “Persimmon.” Flickr. Koshy Koshy, 17 Oct. 2010. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Labrador, Emilio. “D’Jenne Fashion.” Flicker. Emilio Labrador, 6 Aug. 2007. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Macfarquhar, Neil. “The Great Mosque of Djenné.” INTERNATIONAL. New York Times Company, 9 Jan. 2011. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

Morton, Ella. “The Magnificent Mud Mosque of Mali.” Slate. Slate, 5 Sept. 2014. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.

Ognjen Odobasic, Ognjen. “#rain #drops #glass #water #clouds #macro.” Flickr. Ognjen Odobasic, 5 Jan. 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Saltmarsh, Nick. “Mud.” Flickr. Nick Saltmarsh, 28 Jan. 2007. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

SEDACMaps. “Mali: Urban Extents.” Flickr. SEDACMaps, 22 Sept. 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Tann, John. “Potentilla Indica Fruit.” Flicker. John Tann, 20 Apr. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Taylor, Nick. “Gobustan Mud Volcnoes.” Flickr. Nick Taylor, 20 Apr. 2008. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Thinktank, Mr. “Cracks in Building Wall.” Flickr. Mr Thinktank, 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Tommaso. “Che Balle!” Flickr. Tommaso, 9 June 2006. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Why is Lake Chad drying up and what are the consequences for the people, animals, etc?

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Research Question: Why is Lake Chad drying up and what are the consequences for the people, animals, etc?

Thesis: The consequences for the people and animals are very negative because of the shrinking surface area, major decrease in water, and tensions rising among communities.

Topic Sentence #1: The major decrease in water leads to dying wildlife, less drinking water and a drier climate.

• Topic Sentence #2: The shrinking surface area of the lake would also kill wildlife, provide less of a water source, and make the lake less accessible for trade, fishing, etc.

• Topic Sentence #3: Tensions rising among communities is not a good thing, as it can cause rivalries among, violence, and often, being forced off of what’s yours.

Works Cited

“Clues of Climate Change.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Delafortrie, Anouk. “Kri Kri, Niger, on the Shores of Lake Chad.” RTCC. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Giant Snail. Web Ecoist. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

“Human Use of Fresh Water.” The Global Education Project. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Jangoux, Jacques. Two Boys with a Fishing Net. WordPress. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

“Lake Chad: almost gone.” UNEP. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.

“Lake Chad Map Showing Receding Water Area.” Wikimedia. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Lemoalle, J. “Lake Chad.” IRD. Dec. 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

“Man Digging.” CBFP. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Salkida, Ahmad. “Africa’s Vanishing Lake Chad.” Africa Renewal Online. Apr. 2012. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.

Space Flight Center, Nasa Goddard. “Maps of Lake Chad.” UNEP. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Two Men Walking A Cart Across the Lake. Biyokulule. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

African Child Labor

Research Question: Why isn’t child labor in Africa being taken more seriously and brought up more frequently by the rest of the world? Thesis: All over Sub-Saharan Africa, child labor is practiced in mines, domestic households, and on many chocolate plantations.

• Topic Sentence #1: Gold mines across the African Sahel house child workers and are abusive, forcing children to hack stones to dust with handmade pickaxes and axes, paying them less than two dollars a day or none, and the mines have no safety restrictions.

• Topic Sentence #2: Many chocolate plantations in the African Sahel traffic children for slavery, and the children are mostly sold by oblivious relatives, they are young as five years old, and the children are beaten constantly for not working fast enough or even if their boss is in a bad mood.

• Topic Sentence #3: Domestic slavery is another form of child labor, for about two hundred fifty three thousand children in Africa (mostly South Africa and Kenya), are used as slaves, most are girls, and many are continuously exposed to toxic chemicals or waste, and inadequate food replenishments.

Works Cited

African Children Playing in the Fields of Kenya. YouTube. YouTube, 21 Oct. 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2015. “BSSP Child Labour.” Harmony Foundation. Harmony Foundation, 2015. Web. 7 Apr. 2015. “Child Labor and Slavery in the Chocolate Industry.” Food Empowerment Project. Food Empowerment Project, 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015. “Child Labor in Gold Mines in Africa.” Dream Big with Santi. dreambigwithsanti, 8 Dec. 2013. Web. 7 Apr. 2015. Dirksen, Everett. “Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.” Gale Virtual Reference Library. N.p., 2 July 1964. Web. 25 Mar. 2015. Fair Trade Children. Bloomberg. Bloomberg, 13 Jan. 2012. Web. 7 Apr. 2015. “N/A.” Youtube. Youtube, 31 May 2009. Web. 7 Apr. 2015. Price, Larry C. “One Million Children Labor in Africa’s Goldmines.” PBS. PBS, MPBN, 10 July 2013. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. Tate, C. Neal, ed. “Economic, Social, and Cultural Rghts.” Gale Virtual Reference Library. N.p., 2006. Web. 25 Mar. 2015. Wines, Michael. “The New York Times Upfront.” New York Times. New York Times, 2015. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.

What are the goals of pirates, and how have their activities affected Africa’s economy?

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Research Question: What are the goals of pirates, and how have their activities affected Africa’s economy?

Thesis: Pirates have a negative impact on Africa and their people because they mess with the economy, they take innocent people, and they also steal their supplies including electronics and fuel.

• Topic Sentence #1: Pirates mess up Africa’s economy because they steal a great deal of money from the ships, they steal oil, and sometimes hold crews for ransom and ask for a lot of money in return.

• Topic Sentence #2: Pirates do bad things to people by taking them captive, hurting or torturing them, or locking them in a room to freeze to death.

• Topic Sentence #3: Pirates steal the crew of the ship, their cargoes and fuel, and their cash and electronics.

Works Cited

Ajpscs. “CELLPHONES.” Flickr. 22 Feb. 2009. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

BBC.  13 Nov. 2014. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.

“Document: GAO Report on U.S. Anti-Piracy Efforts in Africa.” USNI News.  25 June 2014. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Earl. “Pirate Deck at Club Earl.” Flickr. , 5 June 2006. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Gambrell, Jon, AP. “Pirates Shift Focus From Somalia To West Africa.” Here and Now., 5 Aug. 2015. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Hayduk, Daniel. “Piracy in West Africa.” Africa Renewal. Dec. 2013. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.

Lake, Howard. “Free Cash Sign.” Flickr.  24 Aug. 2010. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.

Russell, Justin. “Oil Tanker in South Portland.” Flickr.  14 Dec. 2004. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Smashgirl. “A happy beach ball.” Flickr. 7 Aug. 2009. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

Turse, Nick. “The terrifying rise of West African piracy.” Salon. , 28 Sept. 2014. Web. 26 Mar. 2015.

“The Ungoverned Seas.” Economist 29 Nov. 2014: n.The Economist. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.

W, Earl. “pirate ship 1.” Flickr. 7 Jan. 2006. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.